VITAMIN COMPLEX Vitamins Vitamin A (Retinyl Palmitate), Vitamin B3 (Niacinimide), Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) and N-Acetyl Glucosamine are the major ingredients that make up Wallsburg farms Vitamin Complex, a major age reversing component of our Baby Face Wrinkle and Age-Reversing Treatment. Clinical studies supporting their individual effectiveness as age reversing ingredients is presented below: VITAMIN A (RETINYL PALMITATE) Vitamin A is the dominant vitamin of the skin because it has a fundamental role in the control of normal activities of skin cells. Vitamin A is of great importance in controlling normal activities of the DNA of the nucleus of the cell as well as the mitochondria. Current scientific research work is uncovering the complex means by which DNA maintains the normal activities of skin cells. Vitamin A is normally found in the skin predominantly as retinyl palmitate, which is an ester of vitamin A. The ester is the most stable form of vitamin A.  Retinyl palmitate is also a constituent of some topically-applied skin care products. After its absorption into the skin, retinyl palmitate is converted to retinol, and ultimately to retinoic acid (the active form of vitamin A present in Retin-A). As early as 1935 it was pointed out that vitamin A deficiency probably developed in all areas that exposed to the sun. The reason for this is that vitamin A is extremely sensitive to sunlight and particularly to ultra violet light A (UVA). With the development of modern sunscreens we are not able to give sufficient protection of the skin from ultra violet A and so vitamin A is still damaged by exposure to light, even when a person is wearing a sun protection factor of 30 or 40.

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In the 1930's it was postulated that skin exposed to sunlight aged faster than skin that was protected from sunlight. By 1955 it was discovered that the application of vitamin A as retinyl palmitate to aged skin rejuvenates the skin to a small degree. The test period at that time was a mere six weeks. Sigmund Berg showed that people who suffered bad sunburn could be improved by oral administration of vitamin A in high dosage. Today it is well recognised that the rejuvenation of skin can be achieved by applying vitamin A to the skin, but when one reads about the various types of vitamin A one may be confused as to which type of vitamin A to use on the skin…

Vitamin A should also be replaced every evening as a topical application to the skin to try and address the daily loss of vitamin A. Because we cannot prevent the damage to the vitamin A in the skin, it is essential to replace the vitamin A each day so that we do not gradually develop the signs of photoageing which are really also the signs of vitamin A deficiency of the skin.

By Dr. Des Fernandeshttp://www.environ.co.za/contents/articles/varieties_of_vitamin_a.htm 

VITAMIN B3 (NIACINIMIDE)

Clinical Facial Study The clinical study was an 8-week double-blinded facial study of 35 to 60 year old women with moderate-severe fine lines and wrinkles.  Facial moisturizer containing 2% N-acetyl glucosamine and 4% niacinamide was applied twice daily in a split face design, and compared to silicone-in-water vehicle control.  At baseline, 4 and 8 weeks, digital facial images were obtained and analyzed for degree of facial fine lines and wrinkles, by expert grading. •In in vitro human skin cultures, topical application of N-acetyl glucosamine and niacinamide stimulated hyaluronan synthesis.

•These treatments also led to an increase in collagen (procollagen-1) expression.

•Twice daily use of a facial moisturizer containing a combination of 2% N-acetyl glucosamine and 4% niacinamide for 4 to 8 weeks by women with moderate to severe fine and wrinkles reduced the appearance of facial fine lines and wrinkles, particularly in the eye area of the face.

•The in vitro hyaluronan results suggest that this effacement of fine lines and wrinkles is due at least in part to improved hydration of the skin.

The panel reviewed data from three studies involving the n-acetyl glucosamine /niacinamide formulation. Tissue studies showed a reduction in melanin and an increase in collagen -- a key structural protein in skin. Three double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical studies involving more than 200 subjects, including a study supervised by Dr. Kimball, showed improvement in hyperpigmentation and skin tone and a decrease in the size of age spots. The research is set to be presented in July at the "Academy '06" meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), and was first presented at the AAD annual meeting in March 2006.

WHISTLER, B.C. -- A combination of 2% N-acetylglucosamine and 4% niacinamide significantly reduced facial hyperpigmentation in women aged 40-60 years, Dr. Alexa Kimball said at a dermatology symposium.

"About a decade's worth of our perception of age can be explained by pigmentation," said Dr. Kimball, director of the clinical unit for research trials in skin at Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. Dr. Kimball also serves as a consultant to Procter and Gamble, which funded the study

http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28984701_ITM

Topical N-Acetyl Glucosamine and Niacinamide Increases Hyaluronan

R. Osborne, Ph.D., L. A. Mullins, B.S. and L. R. Robinson, Ph.D. The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio USA

Objective

·To evaluate the effects of n-acetyl glucosamine and niacinamide on expression of hyaluronan and collagen in human skin cell cultures in vitro. · To confirm the in vitro responses via improved appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on facial skin in vivo.

Hyaluronan and Collagen In Vitro Following topical treatment of skin equivalents with N-acetyl glucosamine, hyaluronan increased significantly and dose-responsively by up to 30% relative to vehicle control (Fig. 2). In addition to its role in skin hydration, hyaluronan, as a structural component of skin, plays a role in skin remodeling and wound healing, including contributing to the formation of a scaffolding along which fibroblasts can migrate (3) In response to N-acetyl-glucosamine, procollagen 1 increased dramatically and significantly in the skin equivalent models (Fig. 3).  Niacinamide at 4% increased hyaluronan and procollagen 1 by 12 and 40%, respectively. Fine Line and Wrinkle Improvements Women using a facial moisturizer containing a combination of 2% N-acetyl glucosamine and 4% niacinamide exhibited improvements in fine lines and wrinkles as compared to a vehicle product, with the greatest improvement at the earliest time point measured (4 weeks; Fig. 4), especially in the under-eye area of the face (Fig. 5).

Conclusion

•In in vitro human skin cultures, topical application of N-acetyl glucosamine and niacinamide stimulated hyaluronan synthesis.

•These treatments also led to an increase in collagen (procollagen-1) expression.

•Twice daily use of a facial moisturizer containing a combination of 2% N-acetyl glucosamine and 4% niacinamide for 4 to 8 weeks by women with moderate to severe fine and wrinkles reduced the appearance of facial fine lines and wrinkles, particularly in the eye area of the face.

•The in vitro hyaluronan results suggest that this effacement of fine lines and wrinkles is due at least in part to improved hydration of the skin.

References 1.Sayo T, Sakai S, Inoue S.  Synergistic effect of N-acetylglucosamine and retinoids on hyaluronan production in human keratinocytes.  Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 17: 77-83. 2.Ghersetich I, Lotti T, Campanile G et al.  Hyaluronic acid in cutaneous aging.  Int J Dermatol 1994; 33: 119-22. 3.Weindl G, Schaller M, Schafer-Korting M, Korting HC.  Hyaluronic acid in the treatment and prevention of skin diseases: molecular, biological, pharmaceutical and clinical aspects.  Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 17: 207-13.

http://www.pgbeautyscience.com/topical-n-acetyl-glucosamine-and-niacinamide-increase-hyaluronan.html

Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin.
( Source: International Journal of Cosmetic Science, Volume 26, Number 5, October 2004 , pp. 231-238 Authors: Bissett, D. L.; Miyamoto, K.; Sun, P.; Li, J.; Berge, C. A.)

Topical application of niacinamide increases ceramide and free fatty acid levels in the skin, it prevent the skin from losing water content and it stimulates micro-circulation in the dermis.
( Source: British Journal of Dermatology, September 2000, pages 524?531; and Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, April 2004, page 88) 

Niacinamide was shown in one small study to be more effective than petrolatum (Vaseline) for reducing water loss from skin and increasing its hydration levels.
( Source: International Journal of Dermatology, March 2005, pages 197-202) 

Topical application of niacinamide has a stabilizing effect on epidermal barrier function, seen as a reduction in transepidermal water loss and an improvement in the moisture content of the horny layer. Niacinamide leads to an increase in protein synthesis (e.g. keratin), has a stimulating effect on ceramide synthesis, speeds up the differentiation of keratinocytes, and raises intracellular NADP levels. In ageing skin, topical application of niacinamide improves the surface structure, smoothes out wrinkles and inhibits photocarcinogenesis. ( Source: W Gehring (2004) Nicotinic acid/niacinamide and the skin Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 3 (2), 88–93. )

VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)

Anti Aging Benefits of Vitamin C

How does topical Vitamin C compare and benefit the skin?

• Active in the skin up to 3 days (72 hours) after application. 

• Anti-inflammatory response in the skin, prevents redness and inflammation even after sun   exposure 

• Topical application delivers 20 times more vitamin C than oral intake 

• Free radical scavenger 

• Maintains cellular integrity 

• Vitamin C kills bacteria, natural wound healer, cuts inflammation – all related to acne. 

• Basically has two functions by

Collagen is the skin's firmness and elastin is the ability to retain its original shape.

Vitamin C has the potential to enhance the density of dermal papillae, perhaps through the mechanism of angiogenesis. Topical vitamin C may have therapeutical effects for partial corrections of the regressive structural changes associated with the aging process".
( Source: Topically applied vitamin C increases the density of dermal papillae in aged human skin, Kirsten Sauermann, Sören Jaspers, Urte Koop, and Horst Wenck)